Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting a significant number of Australian women, with estimates suggesting it impacts between 12% to 21% of women of reproductive age. PCOS can present with a variety of symptoms that differ widely from person to person, making it a complex condition to recognise and manage. Understanding the common signs and how PCOS affects women in Australia is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment.
What Is PCOS?
PCOS is characterised by hormonal imbalances that affect the ovaries. Women with PCOS often have multiple small cysts on their ovaries-these are immature follicles that rarely mature or release eggs. The condition disrupts normal ovulation and causes elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), which lead to many of the symptoms experienced.
Common Symptoms of PCOS in Australian Women
Symptoms of PCOS can vary in severity and combination, but typically include:
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods: Many women with PCOS experience cycles that are infrequent, irregular, or stop altogether, which can affect fertility.
- Excessive hair growth (hirsutism): Increased hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, or back due to elevated androgen levels.
- Hair thinning or male-pattern baldness: Hair loss on the scalp following a pattern similar to male baldness.
- Acne and oily skin: Persistent acne can occur on the face and body, often resistant to standard treatments.
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight: Many women with PCOS struggle with weight management, particularly gaining fat around the abdomen.
- Fertility challenges: Due to irregular ovulation, many women face difficulties conceiving.
- Emotional and mental health issues: Anxiety, depression, and stress are common and can be exacerbated by the physical symptoms and social stigma.
- Skin tags and darkened skin patches: Some women develop small skin tags or patches of darker skin, especially around the neck or underarms.
How Is PCOS Diagnosed?
In Australia, PCOS diagnosis is generally made when a woman has at least two of the following:
- Evidence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (multiple small follicles visible)
- Signs of elevated androgens, either through symptoms like excess hair growth or blood tests showing raised male hormone levels
- Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
Doctors also consider other factors like family history, insulin resistance, and exclude other conditions that might cause similar symptoms.
Why Early Recognition Matters
PCOS is linked to increased risks of other health issues such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis allows Australian women to manage symptoms proactively and reduce long-term health risks through lifestyle changes and medical treatments.
Managing PCOS in Australia
There is no cure for PCOS, but symptoms can be managed effectively. Australian health guidelines emphasise:
- Healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet rich in fibre and regular physical activity can improve symptoms and reduce weight, which often helps regulate menstrual cycles.
- Medical treatments: Depending on symptoms and fertility goals, treatments may include hormonal contraceptives to regulate periods, medications to reduce androgen effects, or fertility treatments.
- Mental health support: Addressing anxiety and depression through counselling or therapy is important for holistic care.
Support and Resources in Australia
Women with PCOS can access support through organisations like Jean Hailes for Women’s Health and Family Planning NSW, which provide information, counselling, and specialised clinics.
PCOS affects a large number of Australian women, presenting with a broad range of symptoms from menstrual irregularities to skin and hair changes, weight issues, and fertility challenges. Understanding these symptoms and seeking early medical advice can help women manage PCOS effectively and improve their quality of life.